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Lake Ranau has experienced increasing environmental pressure due to population growth, tourism development, agricultural activities, and floating net cage (FNC) aquaculture within its watershed. Previous studies reported that the lake is moderately polluted, with phosphate concentrations exceeding the Class I water quality standard (Wiata, 2024), while eutrophication, β-mesosaprobic conditions, algal blooms, hypoxia, and periodic fish mortality have also been observed (Efendia et al., 2023; Syahfitri et al., 2025). However, studies integrating water availability, water demand, water balance, and water quality remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze water availability, water demand, water balance, and water quality as the basis for developing sustainable water quality management strategies for Lake Ranau. A quantitative descriptive-analytical approach was employed using secondary data collected during 2016–2025. Water availability was estimated using the monthly 90% dependable discharge (Q90) based on the Weibull method, while water demand was calculated for the domestic, non-domestic, and irrigation sectors. Water quality was evaluated using 12 physical, chemical, and biological parameters through the STORET and Pollution Index (PI) methods in accordance with Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 and the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Decree No. 115 of 2003. The results showed that the Q90 dependable discharge ranged from 4.72 to 10.72 m³/s, while total water demand ranged from 0.041 to 0.328 m³/s, resulting in a surplus water balance throughout 2025. Although most water quality parameters complied with the Class I water quality standard, phosphate, COD, BOD, DO, nitrite, and TSS exceeded the permissible limits in specific zones and seasons. Both the STORET and PI methods consistently classified Lake Ranau as moderately polluted, with Zone II (Banding Agung) experiencing the highest pollution pressure. These findings indicate that Lake Ranau currently has sufficient water availability to support existing water uses, whereas water quality remains the primary management concern. Therefore, sustainable management should prioritize nutrient input reduction, particularly phosphate, sustainable management of floating net cage aquaculture, improvement of domestic wastewater treatment, runoff control within the catchment area, and continuous water quality monitoring. The novelty of this study lies in integrating water quantity and water quality assessments within a single analytical framework to support evidence-based and sustainable lake management.

Background: There is an increasing demand in foreign language classrooms for pedagogies that link language learning with learners’ cognitive, emotional, social and digital lives. Language learning strategies, multimodal digital tools and psychodynamic perspectives have all been researched in isolation, but the integration of these into a single classroom model has not been explored. This study looks at whether a transdisciplinary instructional model which brings together explicit strategy instruction, multimodal digital composing and psychologically informed learner support will lead to improved strategy use, language performance, engagement and language anxiety for university students learning German.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of a 12-week transdisciplinary intervention (in comparison to conventional strategy instruction and regular instruction) on learners’ cognitive, metacognitive, social, affective and digital-multimodal strategy use; integrated language proficiency; engagement and foreign language anxiety.

Methods: A convergent mixed methods quasi-experimental design was employed. The sample consisted of 180 undergraduate students of German as a foreign language, who were assigned to three intact classes: a transdisciplinary multimodal group (n=62), a conventional strategies group (n=59) and a comparison group (n=59). The quantitative data comprised a strategy questionnaire, an integrated language test, engagement and anxiety scales and classroom observations. The qualitative data comprised 24 student interviews (semi-structured), student reflective journals and teacher field notes. Analyses used were ANCOVA, repeated measures analysis, correlation analysis and thematic analysis.

Results: The transdisciplinary group had the largest gains in language performance (M change = 20.7), followed by the conventional strategies group (M change = 11.5) and the comparison group (M change = 5.5). After controlling for pre-test scores the transdisciplinary group was significantly superior to both comparison conditions on all aspects of integrated language performance (strategy use, engagement and anxiety reduction). The greatest gains were in the areas of metacognitive and digital-multimodal strategies. Engagement was positively related to language gain (r = .68) and anxiety was negatively related to gain (r = −.54). The qualitative data identified four mechanisms: meaningful multimodal expression, metacognitive awareness, emotional safety and collaborative identity work.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that language learning strategies are most effective when they are part of an emotionally supportive, multimodal and digitally enhanced learning environment. The study provides a transferable framework for foreign language teachers who wish to bring together literature, languages, psychology and digital pedagogy.

Through this research, the main purpose  has been to pinpoint the depiction of caste in Flora Nwapa’s Efuru. To carry out the study, the work has been divided in two main parts: The interview by a native Igbo and Spheres of caste in Igbo’s society. When it comes to the Interview by a native Igbo, the latter has stated that there is the caste system in the Igboland. As for the second part which is about discovering fields through which there is the manifestation of caste system in Igboland, there have been three fields namely: Family background, Fertility, and Religion. In family background, Igbos discriminate against those who come from caste groups such as Osu, Olu, and those who do not behave decently. In other words, people who have committed crimes or those who have done shameful things such as being irresponsible towards their relatives or have neglected their households. In the field of fertility, any woman who cannot conceive is considered the outcast. As for religion, any woman who is said to be a woman of the lake’s disciple is discriminated against.

This study investigated on Constructivist Classrooms and their Impact on students’ academic achievement in Geography in Secondary Schools in Bamenda Urban Municipality in Cameroon North West Region. Three specific objectives and hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the descriptive survey design.  Eight hundred and fifty-four (854) form four students from three functional public secondary schools in Bamenda Urban Municipality constituted the population of the study. Two hundred and seventy-two (272) form four geography students were selected to form a sample of the study. Data was collected using structured questionnaire. The results show that lecture-illustrative teaching and cooperative learning methods have significantly positive effects on students’ academic achievement in Geography as indicated by a p values of 0.000. Also our findings show that the discussion teaching method has no significant positive effect on students’ academic achievement in Geography as indicated by a p value of 0.065. We therefore conclude that constructivist classrooms improve students’ academic achievement in geography. It is therefore, recommended that geography teachers should use diverse teaching methods to teach lessons in geography in order to improve students’ academic achievement.

This research proposes a quantitative evaluation of residential design inequality and housing affordability within public sector employee housing schemes in Lagos State, Nigeria. Despite substantial government investment in staff housing programmes under the Lagos State Staff Housing Board, persistent affordability gaps and design disparities suggest that intended beneficiaries—particularly low- and middle-income civil servants—remain underserved. The study adopts a cross-sectional survey design grounded in the positivist paradigm, targeting residents across selected public sector housing estates in Lagos State. Using structured questionnaires, data will be collected from household heads in six local government areas with high concentrations of public sector employee housing. Stratified random sampling will yield approximately 500 valid responses, representing a population of 1,148 dwelling units across 48 estates. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and the Price-to-Income Ratio to assess affordability thresholds and design satisfaction indices. The research contributes a novel Design-Affordability Equity Framework that integrates residential design evaluation with affordability metrics, offering an empirically grounded model for assessing whether public housing schemes achieve equitable outcomes. Findings will inform policy recommendations for the Lagos State Staff Housing Board, the Ministry of Housing, and federal housing agencies, promoting evidence-based interventions that align housing design and pricing with the actual income realities of public sector workers. The study addresses a critical gap in the literature on residential design inequality in Nigeria's public housing sector, where design quality and affordability are typically examined in isolation rather than as interconnected dimensions of housing equity (Akinola et al., 2024; Oyedele, 2026).